Orobanchaceae
Randle, Christopher [1], Bayat,
Soheila [2], Hammack, David [1], Ilunga, Edouard [3], Souza, Vinicius
[4], Morawetz, Jeffery [5].
Phylogeny and taxonomy of the tropical clade of Orobanchaceae.
Most of the known species diversity
in the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae occurs in temperate
regions. However, diversity in the well-supported clade of tropical
Orobanchaceae remains largely unexplored. With the exception of
Buchnera (with 100 species), most genera of the tropical clade consist
of few poorly characterized and rarely collected species. Although
tribe-level classification systems include such poorly known genera,
few thorough phylogenetic analyses exist to test these interpretations.
In this study, we have expanded phylogenetic sampling of tropical
species and genera in over previous studies through field collection of
species from the paleotropics and neotropics. For the first time,
the genera Buttonia, Cycniopis, Ghikea, Gerardiina, Magdalenaea,
Micrargeriella, Nothochilus, Physocalyx, Pseudosopubia and Velosiella
are included in systematic analysis of the tropical clade.
Further, species sampling of genera Buchnera, Cycnium, Melasma,
Sopubia, and Striga, has been greatly expanded. DNA sequences of the
following loci were obtained from circa 150 ingroup and outgroup
accessions of more than 100 species: the nuclear Internal Transcribed
Spacer (ITS) and nuclear phyB, and chloroplast loci matK, rbcL, rpl16,
and rps2. Phylogenetic analysis was used to explore 1) monophyly
and relationships among major genera and 2) proposed tribe-level
taxonomies.
1 - Sam Houston State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1900 Avenue I, Huntsville, TX, 77340, USA
2 - Sam Houston State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1900 Avenue I, Huntsville, TX, 77340
3 - Université de Lubumbashi, Sciences Agronomiques, Lubumbashi, Katanga, DRC
4 - Universidade de São
Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Que, Ciências
Biológicas, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11-Caixa Postal
Agronomia, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
5 - Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Ave., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
Schneider, Adam [1], Baldwin, Bruce G. [1].
Host-switching as a major driver of diversification in parasitic plants: A case study in Orobanche.
Parasitism is a highly successful
life strategy that has independently evolved countless times across the
tree of life, including twelve times among angiosperms. The parasitic
plant genus Orobanche L. is quickly becoming a focal group
understanding the evolutionary consequences of parasitism across
numerous taxonomic scales and levels of biological organization. A
recent phylogenetic study of the clade of all species endemic to the
western hemisphere, based in large part on herbarium collections, shows
extensive, hitherto unrecognized host-specific diversity.
Well-supported, cryptic or semi-cryptic clades within minimum-rank
taxa, especially in sect. Gymnocaulis, are diagnosable by distinct host
assemblages that implicate host switching in divergence of parasitic
lineages. These robust but taxonomically unrecognized clades are
reinforced by multiple gene trees based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA.
Moreover, this phylogeny lends support to several well-known
phytogeographic patterns such as multiple amphitropical colonizations
of South America and post-glacial Alaska/eastern North America
disjunctions.Finally, this study provides a fine-scale phylogenetic
framework for a genome-skimming project currently underway to
understand plastid evolution at fine scales.
1 - University of California,
Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, 1001
Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Sedaghatpour, Maryam [1], Oldham, Karoline [2], Weeks, Andrea [3].
Patterns in the population genetic diversity of the North American hemiparasite Melampyrum lineare (Orobanchaceae).
Melampyrum lineare Desr. (narrowleaf
cowwheat) is a hemiparasitic annual flowering plant native to North
America that obtains water and nutrients by penetrating the roots of
its host species, which include maple trees, pine trees, and members of
Ericaceae among others. Due to this physiological dependency, M.
lineare is limited to the geographical range of its hosts. Within the
United States, its distribution encompasses the southern Appalachian
Mountains to throughout the northeastern states and westward to
Minnesota, with disjunct populations in Idaho and Montana. Within
Canada, it is distributed at lower latitudes from Newfoundland to
Vancouver Island as well as further north along the more temperate
Pacific coast. A recent morphological revision of its four taxonomic
varieties showed that this highly polymorphic species cannot be
partitioned into sub-specific categories reliably, yet morphological
diversity seems greatest in the eastern-most part of its range.
Molecular phylogeographic investigation was begun to uncover patterns
of this species’ genetic diversity as a complement to our
morphological work and to test Francis Pennell’s 1935 hypothesis
that M. lineare found historical refuge in the southern Appalachian
region and subsequently recolonized North America from this location.
Under Pennell’s biogeographical scenario, we would expect greater
genetic diversity of M. lineare in the southern-most part of it range.
Molecular data were collected from 29 eastern U.S. populations ranging
from Georgia to Maine and 20 Canadian populations in Alberta and
British Columbia provinces. Four nuclear microsatellite markers
(MsO66P, MsO70M, MsG2, and MsB58) developed for M. sylvaticum
cross-amplified and showed allelic variation. A survey of 15
chloroplast gene regions found that four showed inter- and
intra-population variability (trnS-trnG, psbA-trnH, trnT-trnL, and
rps16-trnQ). Analysis of trnS-trnG indicated nine haplotypes are shared
among 170 individuals in 49 populations. Two haplotypes are present in
Canada and all nine are present in southeastern US populations, a
pattern consistent with Pennell’s origin hypothesis.
Further analysis of microsatellite and other chloroplast gene regions
data will refine our ability to fingerprint populations, test patterns
of M. lineare’s historical range expansion, and to better
describe its biological diversity in areas where it must be managed as
a legally rare or threatened species.
1 - George Mason University , Department of Biology , 4400 University Dr., MSN 3E1, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
2 - George Mason University , School of Systems Biology, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
3 - George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MSN 5F2, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
Yu, Wen-Bin [1], Wang, Hong [2], Jin, Jian-Jun [2], Ree, Richard [3], Li, De-Zhu [4], dePamphilis, Claude W. [5].
Evolutionary variations of chloroplast genome structure in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae).
Chloroplast genomes shows striking
variation in gene content and structure in non-photosynthetic plants.
By contrast, hemiparasitic plants have almost complete chloroplast
genomes in comparison to their autotrophic relatives. Pedicularis
(Orobanchaceae) is a genus of hemiparasitic herbs with over 500
species. In this study, we sequenced total genomic DNA from 15
Pedicularis species. Genomic DNA was extracted using fresh leaves, then
prepared for high-throughout sequencing. We first identified plastid
DNA reads using reference based mapping. The filtered reads were used
as targets to identify additional overlapping reads. Then, the total
filtered readsset was assembled using SPAdes. The path for chloroplast
genome were view and determined using Bandage. We found that
chloroplast genomes of Pedicularis spp. did not lose genes. However,
the inverted repeat (IR) and the short single-copy (SSC) regions showed
high variations in length and gene content with large differences
between species in how far into the SSC the IR extends. Phylogenomic
analyses using the common conserved regions for the 15 species were
well resolved, including eight recognized clades and one unplaced
species (P. moupinensis) from a previous phylogeny of Pedicularis.
Comparative phylogenetic analyses showed that variations of genome
structure reflected phylogenetic relationship.
1 - Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical
Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Integrative
Conservation, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
2 - Kunming Institute of Botany,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and
Biogeography of East Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201,
China
3 - Field Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
4 - Kunming Institute of Botany, Key
Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming,
Yunnan, 650201, China
5 - The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, University Park, State College
Convolvulaceae (Cuscuta)
McNeal, Joel R. [1].
Comparative transcriptomics of the genus Cuscuta.
Species within the stem parasitic
plant genus Cuscuta vary widely in published chromosome number and
genome size estimates without strong correlation between the two
values. Analyses of transcriptome data will be used to determine
how much of the genome size variation across Cuscuta can be explained
by whole genome duplication events and what role these events may have
played in speciation within the genus. Rates of evolution in
nuclear genes and their correlation to those in the chloroplast genome
will also be addressed, with an emphasis on rate variation in
photosynthetic genes encoded by the nuclear genome of Cuscuta.
1 - Kennesaw State University, Biology, 1000 Chastain Rd., Kennesaw, GA, 30144-5591, USA
Riekert, Brandy [1], McNeal, Joel R. [1].
Development of Population Genetics Markers for the Rare Parasitic Plant Cuscuta harperi.
Harper’s Dodder (Cuscuta
harperi), is a rare stem parasitic annual vine that is endemic to a low
number of scattered populations in Georgia and Alabama. It is a habitat
specialist, occurring only on exposed sandstone and, more rarely,
granite outcrops and barrens within its range. Populations of C.
harperi are widely disjunct, and most populations are comprised of only
a few individuals. Current methods in ecological genetics allow
detection of genetic variation within and among populations, and
variation can be used as an indicator of organismal fitness. Population
genetics data can also be used to determine conservation priorities for
populations that may be at greater risk for inbreeding depression as
compared to populations with higher levels of variation. We will
develop genetic markers for high-throughput sequencing to detect levels
of variation within and among populations of C. harperi to elucidate
population structure and identify populations that are in greatest need
of conservation efforts.
1 - Kennesaw State University, Biology, 1000 Chastain Rd., Kennesaw, GA, 30144-5591, USA
Rafflesiaceae
Nikolov , Lachezar Atanasov [1], Davis, Charles C. [2].
The big, the bad, and the beautiful: evolution and development of the world's largest flowers (Rafflesiaceae).
Rafflesiaceae, crowned “the
greatest prodigy of the vegetable kingdom,” produce the largest
flowers in the world. They are also holoparasites residing inside their
vine hosts, and emerge only during flowering. The floral gigantism and
obligate parasitism of Rafflesiaceae have rendered their structure
unrecognizable to most plant biologists. The vegetative body is
composed of highly reduced strands of cells embedded in host tissue,
and does not differentiate into leaves, stems, or roots. The flowers
look and smell like decaying animal flesh and exhibit numerous features
unknown in the vast majority of flowering plants. This unusual
combination of characters has obscured the phylogenetic affinities and
development of Rafflesiaceae since their discovery two centuries ago.
We provide the first broad and integrated picture of the vegetative and
reproductive morphology of Rafflesiaceae. Our talk will describe their
diminutive vegetative body, which lacks cell differentiation. Next, we
will demonstrate that shoot apex and carpel formation are facilitated
by an extraordinary pattern of cell separation resulting in a secondary
morphological surface, which gives rise to floral organs and ovules,
respectively. Finally, for the first time, we clarify the identity of
the diverse floral organs in Rafflesia, Rhizanthes, and Sapria. These
findings collectively provide key insights into how these unusual
plants are constructed, and offer clues on their evolution from tiny
flowered ancestors to floral giants.
1 - Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Koeln, N/A, 50829, Germany
2 - Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138
Santalales
Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A. [1], Carlo, Tomas [2], dePamphilis, Claude W. [3].
Elucidating evolutionary
relationships and biogeography on the endemic Caribbean mistletoes
Dendropemon (Loranthaceae) using multiple transcriptomes and
traditional molecular markers.
Dendropemon (Loranthaceae in
Santalales) is a strictly insular genus of mistletoes endemic to the
Caribbean archipelago. The genus represents a unique opportunity for
the study of evolution of plant species on islands because it is the
only endemic genera present on most major Caribbean islands. In
addition, Dendropemon presents an opportunity to exemplify how
evolutionary radiations on archipelagos occur for hemiparasitic plants
and to test hypotheses about how their unique lifestyle shapes
processes of diversification. The objective of this study was to
reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the genus to test
monophyly of Dendropemon and validate currently recognized species. The
utility of traditional nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers (ITS,
matK, and trnL-F) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for
Dendropemon and outgroups was tested, but we obtained low levels of
sequence divergence (3.1%, 2.0%, and 1.4%, respectively). An
alternative approach was conducted by generating multiple
transcriptomes for Dendropemon and outgroups using Illumina®
sequencing to discover single-copy genes and build phylogenetic trees
with high resolution at species level and below. Preliminary
phylogenies suggest that islands contain a mixture of closely and
distantly related Dendropemon species, suggesting multiple colonization
events and in-situ speciation. Results obtained from molecular and
morphological data support nomenclatural and taxonomic changes within
the genus such as species revalidations and description of new taxa,
and allow biogeographic reconstructions, estimation of divergence
times, and to examine the role of hosts in the radiation of the genus.
1 - Penn State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
2 - Penn State University, Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
3 - The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, University Park, State College
Madden, Julie [1], Keefover-Ring, Ken [2], Duran, Kristy [3].
Correlation between dwarf mistletoe infection and monoterpene concentrations in Pinus Ponderosa.
The rapid decline of conifers
throughout the world has resulted from various parasitic species such
as the bark beetles and dwarf mistletoe. In an effort to combat the
attacks of these species, conifers have developed various host defenses
including the production of allelochemicals. There has been an
increasing amount of interest surrounding one class of these chemicals
known as monoterpenes, because of their potential to affect the
behavior and reproduction of parasitic species. One monoterpene,
limonene has been shown to deter female bark beetles. On the
other hand beta-pinene has been shown to be attractive to a number of
bark beetle speices. Conifers are also susceptible to infection by
dwarf mistletoe. It is possible that a correlation between mistletoe
infection and monoterpene production may affect subsequent bark beetle
attack. This study examines whether such correlation exists. Southwest
dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) is a hemiparasitic plant that
primarily infects ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) and has played a
major role in reshaping the forest landscape of Colorado. In an effort
to determine if the levels of monoterpenes varied in ponderosa pines
infected with southwest dwarf mistletoe, gas chromatography coupled
with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was employed. Samples were
collected from the Zapata Subdivision in Alamosa, Colorado within a one
hectare area. The samples consisted of pine needles, in which ten
samples were taken from trees that were not infected with mistletoe and
ten from trees infected with mistletoe. Various monoterpenes were
extracted from the needle tissue with hexane and a quantitative
analysis conducted using GC-FID. Total monoterpene concentrations
were significantly higher in uninfected trees compared to infected
trees (p = 0.017). Both limonene and (-) beta-pinene concentrations
were significantly higher in uninfected than in infected trees (p =
0.002 and 0.021 respectively). Bark beetles respond differently
to these two monoterpenes suggesting that infected trees may be more
susceptible to bark beetle infection because of lower limonene
concentrations. On the other hand, bark beetles may be more
attracted to uninfected trees because of higher (-) beta-pinene
concentrations. Therefore, trees infected with dwarf mistletoe
and those not infected may be equally susceptible to infection by bark
beetles.
1 - Adams State University, Chemistry
2 - University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Entomology
3 - Adams State University, Biology and Earth Science, 208 Edgemont Blvd, Alamosa, Colorado, 81101, USA
Nickrent, D. L. (1) and K. Neubig (2), Su, Huei-Jiun (3)
Multigene phylogeny places Brachynema in Erythropalaceae (Santalales)
Past molecular phylogenetic analyses
have advanced our understanding of relationships within the sandalwood
order (Santalales), however, one genus has remained unplaced:
Brachynema. In 1857, Bentham described the first species, B. ramiflorum
from Brazil, and since then one additional species, B. axillare from
northern South America, has been described. Its ordinal and familial
placement has been enigmatic, including Ebenaceae, Linaceae,
Icacinaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Olacaceae s.l. Sequences of
nuclear SSU and LSU ribosomal DNA, chloroplast rbcL, matK and accD and
mitochondrial matR were obtained for 170 members of Santalales. The
analysis included one sample of B. ramiflorum collected July 1980
(Pará, Brazil, C. A. Cid Ferreira 1482, NY). The total DNA
obtained from this herbarium specimen was subjected to genome skimming
using an Illumina HiSeq which provide complete sequences of the above
six genes. A concatenated data set was analyzed with maximum parsimony
and likelihood. All separate gene partitions and the concatenated data
set yielded the same result: Brachynema is sister to Maburea trinervis
(Erythropalaceae), a monospecific shrub from Guyana first described in
1992 by Maas et al. This result is fascinating because Brachynema
displays a number of morphological features that are aberrant in the
order: glandular-dentate leaf margins, upper and lower pulvinar
thickenings, and a 4-5 chambered ovary with axile placentation (1 ovule
pendulous in each locule). Placentation in nearly all members of
Santalales is free-central with apical, pendulous ovules; however,
Maburea was described as being 2-3 locular, also with axile
placentation (1-2 somewhat pendulous ovules per locule). Leaf
anatomical characters are notably similar between the two genera. This
study demonstrates how particular suites of morphological characters
support affinities that are in conflict with strongly supported
molecular phylogenetic results.
1. Southern Illinois University,
Department of Plant Biology, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL,
62901-6509, USA. nickrent@plant.siu.edu
2. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA. kneubig@siu.edu
3. National Taiwan University,
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Science Building
R1227, Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan
Mycoheterotrophs
Barrett, Craig [1], Sass, Chodon [2].
A phylogeographic approach to assessing plastid genome evolution in a non-photosynthetic orchid using targeted sequence capture.
Studies of plastid genome (plastome)
evolution have focused on single representatives of species, even in
comparative investigations, yet few if any studies have addressed
plastome evolution at the infraspecific level. Parasitic and
mycoheterotrophic plants display accelerated rates of plastome
evolution, often with drastic reduction in size and gene content due to
relaxed selective constraints of photosynthesis. The leafless
orchid genus Corallorhiza contains both partially and fully
mycoheterotrophic species, and has thus become a model for
understanding the relationship between plastome evolution, nutritional
mode, and fungal host specificity. The C. striata complex, with
three putative species (C. bentleyi; C. involuta; C. striata, with
three varieties), displays the most evidence of plastome modification
in the genus. However, plastomes in this complex have not been
severely reduced as in other, well-studied parasites (e.g.
holoparasitic Orobanchaceae), making it a useful system to address
questions associated with the early stages of plastome
degradation. For example, what is the degree of variation in
plastome size and gene content among members of this complex?
What is the tempo of plastome reduction? Do members of this
complex follow a single trajectory of degradation, and is this similar
to that observed in other parasites? Here we use genome skimming
and targeted sequence capture via Agilent microarray to generate
complete to nearly complete plastomes for 53 individuals across the
geographic range of the C. striata complex, from Mexico to northern
North America. Briefly, genome skimming was used to generate five
annotated reference plastomes representing each putative taxonomic
entity of the complex. Targeted sequence capture was then used to
expand sampling of individuals, in a cost-effective manner.
Plastome sizes vary widely from 124 kb to 141 kb among members of the
complex, with the highest degree of reduction in the endangered C.
bentleyi (eastern North America) and C. involuta (southern
Mexico). Members of the complex show varying degrees of
degradation of photosynthesis-related gene complexes. Based on
patterns of deletions and pseudogenes, two distinct degradation
pathways have occurred within the complex, in addition to that observed
in the C. maculata complex. This suggests that C. bentleyi/C.
involuta and C. striata sensu stricto represent two losses of
photosynthesis from a putatively photosynthetic ancestor.
Divergence times, rates of degradation, and ancestral plastome
reconstructions are discussed in the context of phylogeographic history
of the complex. Further, relative merits and challenges of
targeted sequence capture are discussed for closely related taxa
displaying rapid genome evolution.
1 - West Virginia University, Plant and Soil Sciences, G153 South Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
2 - University of California,
Berkeley, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Department of
Integrative Biology and the University and Jepson Herbaria, Berkeley,
CA, 94720, USA
Barrett, Craig [1], Perez, Leticia [2].
Gene expression and mycoheterotrophy: an exploratory analysis of green vs. non-green Corallorhiza (Orchidaceae).
Studies of genome evolution in
parasitic and mycoheterotrophic plants have focused overwhelmingly on
changes occurring in the plastid genome (plastome) as a result of
relaxed selection on photosynthetic function. Only a handful of studies
have focused on the effects of photosynthetic loss and patterns of gene
expression. While studies have addressed gene expression patterns
between holoparasites and their host plants, almost no data exist on
expression related to obligate interactions between mycoheterotrophs
(viz. holomycotrophs) and their fungal hosts. Here we examine the
orchid genus Corallorhiza to compare gene expression patterns across
green, partially mycoheterotrophic species vs. non-green,
holomycotrophic species. Specifically, we address hypotheses
concerned with loss of photosynthesis in holomycotrophs, and changes in
expression patterns between orchids parasitizing different hosts.
Green species (C. trifida, C. wisteriana) are hypothesized to express
photosynthesis-related genes (nuclear and plastid) at some level in
contrast to non-green species (C. striata var. striata, C. maculata
var. occidentalis). A single representative of each of the
aforementioned species was collected at a site where they are sympatric
in Montana, USA, all at the same time of day and at the same
developmental stage (pre-anthesis). Material was chopped finely
in the field and stored immediately in cold RNA-later solution to
preserve mRNA. Total RNAs were extracted from whole shoots and
rhizomes after cleaning with nuclease free water using the Zymo Plant
RNA kit, which has a DNA-exclusion step, followed by treatment with
DNAse. Total mRNAs were sequenced after rRNA exclusion and poly-A
purification on an Illumina NextSeq500 for 150 bp paired-end
reads. Shoot-derived reads were assembled de novo into contigs
using Trinity after digital normalization. Plastid contigs were
mapped to previously sequenced plastomes of Corallorhiza and annotated,
while nuclear contigs were annotated based on the recently published
Phalaenopsis genome. Photosynthesis related unigenes were scored
as present or absent, and compared qualitatively between green vs.
non-green species, as acquisition of biological replicates within
species was not yet possible. Unigenes missing from both
non-green orchid datasets but present in both green orchid datasets
were considered putative gene losses, pseudogenes, or extreme instances
of down-regulation. Reads from rhizome mRNAs were mapped
simultaneously to recently sequenced orchid and fungal genomes (fungal
families Russulaceae or Thelephoraceae), followed by de novo
assembly. Differences in transcript presence/absence is
discussed, as are future efforts to collect biological replicates and
other taxa in Corallorhiza and leafy relatives, with the goal of a
phylo-comparative assessment of gene expression.
1 - West Virginia University, Plant and Soil Sciences, G153 South Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
2 - California State University, Los Angeles, Biological Sciences, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
Gerelle, Wesley [1], Lam, Vivienne K. Y. [1], Graham, Sean W. [1].
Comparative genomics of Parasitaxus usta, a podocarp conifer with a unique form of heterotrophy.
Parasitaxus usta (Podocarpaceae) is
a parasitic and possibly mycoheterotrophic conifer endemic to New
Caledonia. Its plastid genome is highly reduced with only the
ribosomal-protein genes, RNA polymerase genes, infA, ycf1, ycf2, matK,
clpP and accD retained under putative purifying selection. Despite the
loss of most plastid-encoded photosynthetic genes, it retains both
nuclear and plastid-encoded genes of the CF1 complex of ATP synthase
(the so-called 'lollipop head' of the enzyme). We examine how this
complex is evolving based on analysis of dN/dS ratios and document the
utility of each gene in phylogenetic inference. We also explore a
transcriptome for this species produced by the 1KP (One Thousand
Plants) project to document genome-wide patterns of gene retention,
including nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes and other
plastid-targeted genes, with the goal of characterizing patterns of
Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment relative to its photosynthetic
relatives in Podocarpaceae.
1 - University of British Columbia, Botany, 3529 - 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada