1 a. Leaves flat .2
b. Leaves terete 110
2a. Leaves with opposite and decussate phyllotaxy, sometimes displaced
3
b. Leaves with verticillate phyllotaxy, usually ternate or quatemate,
sometimes up to 8-verticillate, sometimes displaced to irregular
spirals 84
3a. Inflorescence a pedunculate umbel of 2 or more dyads, triads,
or tetrads 4
b. Inflorescence other than a pedunculate umbel of dyads, triads,
or tetrads (e. g., a head, simple umbel, solitary flower, or sessile
cluster) 60
4a. Flowers in dyads 5
b. Flowers in triads 8
c. Flowers in tetrads 57
5a. Corolla robust, rusty or rarely white-tomentose; fruit globular
to broadly ellipsoid; bract enlarged under fruit 6
b. Corolla slender, glabrous and green at maturity; fruit ovoid
or pear-shaped;bract not enlarged under fruit 7
6a. Flowers in the dyads sessile or nearly so; indumentum white
(NW Australia) 24. A. eburna
b. Flowers in the dyads normally distinctly pedicellate;
indumentum rusty (N Australia) 8. A. bifurcata
7a. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, c. 10 mm long; leaf lamina more
than 8 cm long (NE Australia) 9. A. biniflora
b. Fruit narrowly pear-shaped, c. 15 mm long; leaf lamina
up to 9 cm long (NWAustralia) 64. A.pyriformis
8a. Triads with all flowers closely sessile .9
b. Triads with at least the lateral flowers pedicellate, sometimes
very shortly so 20
9a. Rays in the umbel 2-4 10
b. Rays in the umbel 5 or more 17
l0a. Corolla in mature bud glabrous 11
b. Corolla in mature bud densely tomentose .16
11 a. Corolla 4-merous (New Guinea) . 4. A. arthrocaulis
b. Corolla 5- or 6-merous 12
12a. Leaves sessile and cordate at the base (New Guinea) 16.
A. cercidioides
b. Leaves petiolate (sometimes very shortly so) and attenuate
or contracted at the base 13
13a. Ovary and fruit densely white-tomentose in the lower part,
otherwise glabrous (E Australia) 48. A. lucasii
b. Ovary and fruit glabrous or uniformly shortly brown-tomentose
14
14a. Corolla in mature bud obtuse, 14-18 mm long; anther equal
to the free part of the filament (Java, Bali, Flores) 84.
A. tristis
b. Corolla in mature bud acute, 20-40 mm long; anther much
shorter than the free part of the filament 15
15a. Flowers in a linear row in the triad, the bracts not together
forming a cupule subtending the triad (New Guinea and SW Pacific
islands) 3. A. artensis
b. Flowers in an equilateral disposition in the triad, the
bracts together forming a subtending cupule (New Guinea, E Australia)
13. A. caudiciflora
16a. Indumentum golden; leaves oblong to elliptic, penninerved
(W Australia) 56. A. nestor
b. Indumentum white; leaves lanceolate to oblong, curvinerved
(Central Australia) 42. A. hilliana
17a. Rays in the umbel 10-30 (Philippines) 43. A. incarnatiflora
b. Rays in the umbel 5-8 18
18a. Leaf lamina mostly acute and acuminate at the apex; anther
longer than the free part of the filament (New Guinea, N Australia)
30. A. friesiana
b. Leaf lamina obtuse or rounded at the apex; anther shorter
than the free part of the filament 19
19a. Corolla in mature bud 18-20 mm long; anthers c. 1.5 mm long;
leaf lamina often folded (Borneo) 82. A. triantha
b. Corolla in mature bud 20-40 mm long; anthers 2-3 mm long;
leaf lamina flat (New Guinea, E Australia) 13. A. caudiciflora
20a. Rays in the umbel 2-5 21
b. Rays in the umbel 6 or more 49
21a. Rays in the umbel mostly 2 or 3 22
b. Rays in the umbel mostly 4 or 5 39
22a. Corolla in mature bud glabrous or with a few scattered hairs
23
b. Corolla in mature bud tomentose 33
23a. Leaves penninerved; haustorial attachments on epicortical
runners 24
b. Leaves curvinerved; haustorial attachments lacking epicortical
runners 25
24a. Corolla 4-merous; leaf lamina mostly less than 1 cm wide
(New Guinea) 45. A. kebarensis
b. Corolla 5-merous; leaf lamina mostly more than 2 cm wide
(New Guinea, SW Pacific islands) 3. A. artensis
25a. Ovary white- or pale brown-tomentose in the lower part,
glabrous above 26
b. Ovary glabrous or with a uniformly sparse indumentum 28
26a. Rays of the umbel tomentose (New Guinea, N & E Australia)
18. A. conspicua
b. Rays of the umbel glabrous 27
27a. Leaves attenuate and cuneate at the base, shortly petiolate
(NW Australia) 23. A. dolichopoda
b. Leaves truncate to cordate at the base, sessile (W Australia)
7. A. benthamii
28a. Corolla in mature bud ridged or winged longitudinally
29
b. Corolla in mature bud terete or angular but not ridged or winged
longitudinally 30
29a. Leaves more than 2 cm wide; pedicels winged (NW Australia)
80. A. thalassia
b. Leaves less than 2 cm wide; pedicels terete (Timor, Australia)
55. A. miraculosa
30a. Leaf lamina lanceolate to narrowly obovate, mostly less
than 5 mm wide (S Australia) 52. A. melaleucae
b. Leaf lamina oblong to orbicular, mostly more than 15 mm
wide 31
31 a. Leaves sessile or nearly so, abruptly contracted to cordate
at the base; rays of umbel not strongly divergent; flower buds
acute (NE Australia) 33. A. glabra
b. Leaves attenuate or contracted at the base to a petiole
3-6 mm long; rays of umbel divergent; flower buds obtuse 32
32a. Corolla 4-merous, with a globular inflation at the base in
the mature bud; anthers transversely septate (Borneo, Java) .
34. A. gravis
b. Corolla 5-merous, uniformly slender in the mature bud;
anthers not transversely septate (New Guinea, N Australia) 50.
A. mackayensis
33a. Leaves less than 7 mm wide; host Melaleuca 34
b. Leaves mostly more than 10 mm wide; host not Melaleuca
35
34a. Corolla more than 15 mm long (N Australia) 39. A. herbertiana
b. Corolla less than 15 mm long (SE Australia) 31. A. gaudichaudii
35a. Leaves cordate at the base, sessile (N Australia) 35.
A. haematodes
b. Leaves attenuate or contracted at the base, distinctly
petiolate 36
36a. Ovary abruptly widened and then contracted just below the
calyx (Australia) 65. A. quandang
b. Ovary uniformly cylindrical or funnel-shaped 37
37a. Rays of the umbel 1-3 mm long, not strongly divergent (N
Australia) 89. A. villi flora
b. Rays of the umbel 5-10 mm long, divergent 38
38a. Tomentum golden; leaf more or less penninerved (W Australia)
56. A. nestor
b. Tomentum white; leaf curvinerved (Central Australia)
42. A. hilliana
39a. Leaves curvinerved; haustorial attachments lacking epicortical
runners 40
b. Leaves penninerved; haustorial attachments on epicortical runners
43
40a. Triads usually with all flowers pedicellate (Australia) 54.
A. miqueIii
b. Triads with the central flower sessile 41
41a. Corolla in mature bud brown-tomentose (SE Australia) 59.
A. pendula
b. Corolla in mature bud glabrous or with a few scattered
hairs 42
42a. Ovary glabrous or nearly so; hosts mangroves (New Guinea,
N Australia) 50. A. mackayensis
b. Ovary tomentose; hosts not mangroves (E Australia) 17.
A. congener
43a. Corolla mostly 5-merous 44
b. Corolla 4-merous 47
44a. Central flowers of the triads mostly pedicellate (Philippines,
Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands) 15. A. celebica
b. Central flowers of the triads sessile 45
45a. Inflorescence parts robust; bracts of the lateral flowers
of the triads appressed to the ovary and enclosing it in early
bud stages (New Guinea, N Australia) 67. A. queenslandica
b. Inflorescence parts slender, bracts of the lateral flowers
spreading 46
46a. Leaves dull on both sides; corolla 14-20 mm long; inflorescence
and ovary glabrous (Bismarck Archipelago) . 57. A. novaebritanniae
b. Leaves usually more lustrous or glossy above; corolla 20-40
mm long; inflorescence and ovary usually shortly tomentose (New
Guinea and SW Pacific islands) 3. A. artensis
47a. Leaf lamina 10-15 cm long; corolla 35-40 mm long (New
Guinea) see A. tenuisepala under 3. A. artensis
b. Leaf lamina less than 8 cm long; corolla 15-20 mm long
48
48a. Floral bract with a complex dorsal protuberance; inflorescence
peduncle veryslender, more than 18 mm long (New Guinea) . 19.
A. corniculata
b. Floral bract constricted near the apex forming a simple
dorsal protuberance; inflorescence peduncle slender to robust,
less than 18 mm long (New Guinea) 58. A. pachypus
49a. Rays in the umbel 15 or more, arising from depressions
in a globular dilation of the peduncle apex 50
b. Rays in the umbel 6-12, not arising from depressions in a dilated
peduncle apex or if so then the dilation not globular 51
50a. Leaf lamina broadly ovate to orbicular; indumentum red-brown;
corolla c. 50 mm long, distinctly choripetalous (New Guinea)
76. A. strongylophylla
b. Leaf lamina narrow-lanceolate to ovate; indumentum tawny
brown; corolla 30-40 mm long, with petals often cohering at the
base long after anthesis (Philippines) 36. A. haenkeana
51a. Corolla 4-merous 52
b. Corolla 5- or 6-merous 53
52a. Peduncle 11-16 mm long, not strongly dilated at the apex
(Celebes) 44. A. irrubescens
b. Peduncle 20-45 mm long, dilated to c. 2 mm wide at the
apex (New Guinea) 92. A. wichmannii
53a. Triads usually with all flowers pedicellate (Australia)
. 54. A. miquelii
b. Triads with the central flower sessile 54
54a. Corolla in mature bud 14-20 mm long (Bismarck Archipelago)
57. A. novaebritanniae
b. Corolla in mature bud more than 25 mm long 55
55a. Leaf lamina lanceolate to oblong-ovate, up to 3 cm wide,
acute at the apex; peduncle slender but dilated at the apex (Philippines)
86. A. urdanetensis
b. Leaf lamina ovate to broadly spathulate or orbicular, more
than 3 cm wide, rounded at the apex; peduncle uniformly robust
56
56a. Rays of the umbel 4-8; bracts of the lateral flowers of the
triads c. 3 mm long, appressed to the ovary and enclosing it in
early bud stages (New Guinea, NE Australia) 67. A. queenslandica
b. Rays of the umbel 7-12; bracts of the lateral flowers up
to 2 mm long, spreading (Celebes, New Guinea) . 69. A. rigidiflora
57 a. Leaves penninerved; haustorial attachments on epicortical
runners 58
b. Leaves curvinerved; haustorial attachments lacking epicortical
runners 59
58a. Tetrads with all flowers sessile; petals coherent at the
base into a tube 4-5 mm long (New Guinea) 78. A. tetraflora
b. Tetrads with three flowers shortly pedicellate; petals
coherent at the base into a tube 10-12 mm long (New Guinea) 10.
A. brassii
59a. Leaves soon glabrous, often tinted yellow; mature fruit
yellow, glabrous (Australia) 54. A. miquelii
b. Leaves long remaining brown-tomentose; mature fruit brown,
tomentose (SE Australia) 59. A. pendula
60a. Inflorescence a pedunculate or sessile 6- or 9-flowered
head formed from 2 or 3 sessile triads 61
b. Inflorescence not as above (a pedunculate or sessile simple
umbel, a solitary flower or a head of 3-5 flowers) 73
61a. Peduncle less than 12 mm long; leaves penninerved; haustorial
attachments on epicortical runners 62
b. Peduncle more than 15 mm long; leaves curvinerved; haustorial
attachments lacking epicortical runners 72
62a. Leaves sessile 63
b. Leaves obscurely or distinctly petiolate 64
63a. Leaves truncate to cordate at the base; peduncle rudimentary
(inflorescence sessile) (Philippines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands)
. 20. A. cuernosensis
b. Leaves cuneate to truncate at the base; peduncle 2-5.5
mm long (Philippines, Celebes) 25. A. edanoi
64a. Corolla 4-merous; bracts c. 6 mm long (New Guinea) 79.
A. tetrapetala
b. Corolla 5- or 6-merous; bracts less than 3 mm long 65
65a. Petals with deflexed spurs on the inside above the base forming
a nectar chamber 66
b. Petals lacking deflexed spurs on the inside above the base
68
66a. Peduncle 5-11 mm long; leaf lamina obtuse or rounded at the
apex (Bali) 47. A. longipes
b. Peduncle 2-4 mm long 67
67a. Leaf lamina acuminate at the apex, mostly more than 12 cm
long; bracts of the lateral flowers appressed to the ovary (Philippines)
74. A. seriata
b. Leaf lamina acute at the apex, mostly less than 12 cm long;
bracts of the lateral flowers spreading (Java, Lesser Sunda Islands)
84. A. tristis
68a. Leaves strongly bifacial, glossy grey/green above and
dull brown below 69
b. Leaves not or only weakly bifacial, dull on both sides at least
when dry 70
69a. Inflorescence peduncle up to 3 mm long; anther about equal
to the free part of the filament (Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas)
40. A. hexameres
b. Inflorescence peduncle 5-9 mm long; anther much shorter
than the free part of the filament (New Guinea, SW Pacific islands)
3. A. artensis
70a. Inflorescence sessile; petiole broad, 1-3 mm long (Philippines)
2. A. apoensis
b. Inflorescence pedunculate; petiole slender 71
71a. Inflorescence peduncle 4-5 mm long; petiole distinct, 5-15
mm long (Philippines) 41. A. hexantha
b. Inflorescence peduncle usually 2-4 mm long; petiole obscure,
0.5-4 mm long (Java, Lesser Sunda Islands) 84. A. tristis
72a. Lateral flowers of the triad sessile (Australia) 51.
A. maidenii
b. Lateral flowers of the triad shortly pedicellate (Central
Australia) 77. A. subcapitata
73a. Inflorescence a pedunculate capitulum formed from a single
cymule of 3-5 sessile flowers 74
b. Inflorescence a simple umbel 75 c. Inflorescence a single flower,
usually on an articulate pedicel 81
74a. Haustoria produced on epicortical runners which also bear
inflorescences; flowers in regular triads on a peduncle c. 1 mm
long; anthers sessile (Philippines) 14. A. cauliflora
b. Haustoria lacking epicortical runners; inflorescences axillary;
flowers in clusters of 3-5 on a peduncle 5-15 mm long; anthers
shorter than free part of filament (SW Australia) 29. A. fitzgeraldii
75a. Peduncle of the umbel obsolete or up to 1 mm long 76
b. Peduncle of the umbel distinct, usually more than 2 mm long
77
76a. Corolla 8-22 mm long; leaf rounded or obtuse at the apex
(from Thailand to Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands) . 5.
A. beccarii
b. Corolla 25-40 mm long; leaf acuminate and acute at the
apex (New Guinea) 75. A. squarrosa
77a. Corolla 4-merous (Lesser Sunda Islands) 81. A. timorana
b. Corolla 5- or 6-merous 78
78a. Rays of the umbel 2 79
b. Rays of the umbel more than 2 80
79a. Leaves penninerved, mostly rounded at the apex; peduncle
more than 1 mm thick; corolla in the mature bud robust, obtuse,
longitudinally ribbed or angled (NE Australia) 91. A. whitei
b. Leaves curvinerved, mostly acuminate; peduncle less than
1 mm thick; corolla in mature bud thin, slender, acute, not longitudinally
ribbed or angled (New Guinea, NE Australia) 73. A. seemeniana
80a. Rays of the umbel 3-6 (N Australia) 70. A. sanguinea
b. Rays of the umbel c. 12 (Moluccas) . 85. A. umbellata
81a. Corolla 4-merous 82
b. Corolla 5- or 6-merous 83
82a. Leaves 4-7 cm long, acuminate acute, almost sessile; articulate
peduncle c. 3 mm long (New Guinea) 38. A. hastifolia
b. Leaves 1.8-4 cm long, rounded, distinctly petiolate; articulate
peduncle 4-8 mm long (New Guinea) 28. A. finisterrae
83a. Corolla 8-22 mm long (from Thailand to Moluccas and Lesser
Sunda Islands) 5. A. beccarii
b. Corolla 40-55 mm long (New Guinea) see A. curvifolia
under 38. A. hastifolia
84a. Inflorescence a pedunculate umbel of 2 or more triads
or tetrads 85
b. Inflorescence other than a pedunculate umbel of triads or tetrads
(e.g., a head, simple umbel, solitary flower, or sessile cluster)
103
85a. Flowers in tetrads (New Guinea) . 22. A. dilatipes
b. Flowers in triads 86
86a. Triads with all flowers sessile 87
b. Triads with at least the lateral flowers pedicellate 91
87a. Rays in the umbel more than 10 (Philippines) 43. A. incarnatiflora
b. Rays in the umbel 4-8 88
c. Rays in the umbel 2 or 3 90
88a. Leaves mostly in regular whorls of 5 or 6, rarely quaternate,
(New Guinea, SW Pacific Islands) 71. A. scandens
b. Leaves ternate or rarely quaternate, frequently scattered
89
89a. Leaves sessile or sometimes minutely petiolate (New Guinea)
13. A. caudiciflora
b. Leaves petiolate (New Guinea, E Australia) . 60. A.
plicatula
90a. Leaf lamina linear-lanceolate, concave above, less than
1 cm wide (New Guinea) 12. A. canaliculata
b. Leaf lamina ovate or lanceolate-ovate, flat, more than
2 cm wide (Philippines) 87. A. vernicosa
91a. Rays in the umbel 2-5 92
b. Rays in the umbel 6-14 98
c. Rays in the umbel 15 or more . 102
92a. Leaves sessile 93
b. Leaves petiolate 95
93a. Leaves 7.5-1O cm long (Philippines) 68. A. rhytidoderma
b. Leaves mostly less than 5 cm long 94
94a. Corolla more than 25 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy (Philippines)
49. A. luzonensis
b. Corolla less than 21 mm long, glabrous (Philippines) 6.
A. benguetensis
95a. Petals with dorsal appendages forming a crown near the
apex of the flower bud (Philippines) 88. A. verticillata
b. Petals without dorsal appendages 96
96a. Triads with the central flower sessile (New Guinea and SW
Pacific islands) A. artensis
b. Triads with all flowers pedicellate 97
97a. Leaves regularly verticillate (mostly quaternate); lamina
thin, mostly less than 8 cm long; petals usually 4 (Philippines)
1. A. acuta
b. Leaves opposite, scattered, or quaternate; lamina thickly
coriaceous, mostly more than 8 cm long; petals usually 5 (Philippines;
Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands) 15. A. celebica
98a. Rays of the umbel 6-8 99
b. Rays of the umbel 9 or more 101
99a. Leaf lamina less than 10 cm long; inflorescence axis mostly
more than 10 mm long (Philippines) 1. A. acuta
b. Leaf lamina more than 10 cm long; inflorescence axis less
than 10 mm long 100
100a. Petals 5, coherent at the base for 1-3 mm (Philippines)
37. A. halconensis
b. Petals 4, eventually free to the base (Lesser Sunda Islands)
72. A. scheffieroides
101a. Leaves opposite, ternate, or scattered ternate; lamina
up to 10 cm long (Celebes) 44. A. irrubescens
b. Leaves in whorls of 3-6; lamina 10-30 cm long (Celebes,
Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas) 62. A. polytrias
102a. Inflorescence peduncle up to 10 mm long; petals 4 (Philippines)
21. A. curranii
b. Inflorescence peduncle more than 25 mm long; petals 5 or
6 (Philippines) 36. A. haenkeana
103a. Inflorescence a pedunculate or sessile 9-flowered head
formed from 3 sessile triads 104
b. Inflorescence not as above (a pedunculate or sessile simple
umbel or a solitary flower) 105
104a. Leaf lamina less than 8 cm long; inflorescence peduncle
12-15 mm long; petals lacking a deflexed spur on the inside above
the base (Philippines) 87. A. vernicosa
b. Leaf lamina more than 8 cm long; inflorescence peduncle
c. 1 mm long; petals with a deflexed spur on the inside above
the base (Lesser Sunda Islands) 26. A. enneantha
105a. Inflorescence a sessile 1- to 3-flowered umbel (i. e.,
the flowers sometimes seemingly solitary) 106
b. Inflorescence a pedunculate simple umbel 107
106a. Leaf lamina narrowly to broadly obovate, mostly rounded
at the apex, mostly less than 10 cm long; pedicels of the flowers
distinct, mostly 1-4 mm long; anthers on a short free filament
(from Thailand to Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands) . 5.
A. beccarii
b. Leaf lamina ovate, shortly acuminate and obtuse at the
apex, mostly more than 12 cm long; pedicels of the flowers very
short or absent so that the inflorescence resembles a sessile
cluster, anthers sessile (Philippines) 90. A. wenzelii
107a. Rays of the umbel c. 12 (Moluccas) 85. A. umbellata
b. Rays of the umbel 3-6 108
108a. Petals 6 (NE Australia) 66. A. quaternifolia
b. Petals 4 or rarely 5 . 109
l09a. Peduncle of the umbel 2-5 mm long; corolla mostly less than
20 mm long (Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands, Celebes,
Moluccas, New Guinea) 27. A. fasciculata
b. Peduncle of the umbel 8-11 mm long; corolla more than 20
mm long (Philippines) 61. A. polillensis
110a. Flowers in dyads; petals usually 4; free part of filament
shorter than the anther (Central Australia) 32. A. gibberula
b. Flowers in triads; petals usually 5; free part of filament
longer than the anther 111
111a. Central flower of triad pedicellate (N Australia) . 83.
A. tridactyla
b. Central flower of triad sessile 112
112a. Inflorescence and flowers tomentose . 113
b. Inflorescence and flowers glabrous 114
l13a. Indumentum of corolla short, grey; fruit almost glabrous,
pink; corolla very slender in bud (E Australia) 11. A. cambagei
b. Indumentum of corolla long, white or pale brown; fruit
tomentose, white; corolla robust in bud (S Australia) 46. A.
linophylla
114a. Leaves 5-8 mm long (W Australia) . 53. A. microphylla
b. Leaves 20-80 mm long (S Australia) . 63. A. preissii
Amyema key
updated 27 May 2002