Santalaceae R. Br., emend.

Family Description

Distribution Map

List of Genera

Phylogeny & Classification

• For a molecular phylogeny of "Santalaceae" in the broad sense, see Der and Nickrent (2008): HERE.
• For a reclassification of Santalales, including family names for all the clades, see Nickrent et al. (2010): HERE.
• For a comparison of "Santalaceae" classifications, past and present, go HERE.

Photographs

Antidaphne

1. Antidaphne punctulata
   • Flowering plant parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta Chile. January 2002. Photo by G. Amico.
   • Close-up of flowering shoot. Plant parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Plant in fruit.  Los Lagos, Valdivia, Chile.  Photo by A. Gentry (no. 53490).  Link goes to TROPICOS.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
     
2. Antidaphne viscoidea
   
   • Shoots of mistletoe with inflorescence buds. Monte Verde, Costa Rica. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Close-up of shoot with floral buds. San Ramon, Costa Rica. Photograph by Wolfgang Forsteuter, published in "World of Plants" article by Mitsuru Hirota (Weekly Asahihyakka, Jan. 22, 1995).
   • Photos. Chiapas, Angel Albino Corzo, Mexico. Photos 10 Nov 2004 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
3. Antidaphne wrightii
   
   • Plate. From Caraballo and Morales (2018) in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 12(2):683-687. This rare plant, shown with flowers and fruits, parasitic on Magnolia portoricensis in Puerto Rico.
4. Antidaphne sp.
   
   • Photos. Dist. Oxapampa, Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillen, Peru. Photos 13 Oct. 2006 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.

Colpoon

1. Colpoon compressum
   
   • Habit of plant with flowers and fruits. Goedverwag, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • View1 and View 2 of flowering and fruiting shoots. Goedverwag, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Close-up of flowering and fruiting shoots. Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden, Capetown, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Habit of plant with mature fruits. Roberg Nature Reserve, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos of plants by D. L. Nickrent. Link goes to PhytoImages.
   • Photos.  KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Photos 12 Mar. 2005 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

Eubrachion

1. Eubrachion ambiguum
   • The mistletoe on its host tree, closer view of the mistletoe shoots, close-up of the ament-like staminate spikes. Parasitic on Pimenta (Myrtaceae). Santana Peak, Puerto Rico. [collection DLN 2699]. Photos by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Mistletoe on host branch. Southern Brazil. Photograph by Wolfgang Forsteuter, published in "World of Plants" article by Mitsuru Hirota (Weekly Asahihyakka, Jan. 22, 1995).
   • Series of photos of this species.  Link goes to Flora Digital RS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
   • Photo. Plant with young fruits. Colombia. Photo by Mateo Hernandez. Link goes to Flickr.
     

Exocarpos

1. Exocarpos aphyllus
   • Habit. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
     
2. Exocarpos baumanii (as Elaphanthera baumanii)
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
3. Exocarpos bidwillii
   • Several photos of plant in vegetative condition. Cass Field Station, South Island, New Zealand. Photos by P. Pelser. Link goes to PhytoImages.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
4. Exocarpos casuarinae
   • Habit of plant. Mt. des Sources, New Caledonia. September 3, 1981. Photo by Job Kuijt.
   • Close-up of fruiting shoots. Mt. des Sources, New Caledonia. September 3, 1981. Photo by Job Kuijt.
   • Photos. Province du Sud, New Caledonia. Photos 24 Jan. 2010 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
5. Exocarpos clavatus
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
6. Exocarpos cupressiformis
   • This parasitic plant is a fairly large tree. NSW, Australia. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Plant showing receptacular "false fruit." The Cherry Ballart. Photo from Costermans (1983).
   • Shoots with fruits. This is the only one of the five species of Exocarpos to reach tree size in Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
7. Exocarpos gaudichaudii
   • Habit Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Close-up of flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Plant in fruit.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
8. Exocarpos humifusus
   • Close-up showing the fruit and swollen receptacle, both red, of this alpine shrubby species. Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
9. Exocarpos latifolius
   • Plant with immature fruit. Queensland, Australia. [DLN 2801]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photo1, Photo2 (and others). Mature fruit with expanded peduncle. Indonesia. Photo by Peter B. Phillipson.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Fruit. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Link goes to PhytoImages.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
10. Exocarpos luteolus
    • Habit of the plant, fruits. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
    • Plant in fruit.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
11. Exocarpos menziesii
    • Habit of plant. South Kona District, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4297]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Close-up of inflorescence. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Two pictures of fruits and two of plant habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
12. Exocarpos nanus
    
    • Photos.  Mat plants growing on a rock outcrop near lake Ada, Central Highlands, Tasmania. Photos 15 March 2008 by Nuytsia@Tas. Link goes to Flickr.
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
13. Exocarpos odoratus
    
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
14. Exocarpos neocaledonicus
    
    • Habit of plant.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
    • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
15. Exocarpos pseudocasuarina
    
    • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
16. Exocarpos pullei
    
    • Photo. Plant with flowers and young fruits. Arfak Mts., Warmare, Papua. Photo by Scott Zona. Link goes to Flickr.
17. Exocarpos strictus
    • Fruiting branches. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
    • Flowering branch. Shrub of the dry forests of Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan (see also Key to Tasmanian Dicots).
    • Fruiting branch. Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
18. Exocarpos sparteus
    • Photos of plant habit and shoots. Near Tailem Bend, Southern Australia. Link goes to TROPICOS.
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
      
19. Exocarpos syrticola
    
    • Habit of the plant, growing on the exposed, rocky coasts of Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
20. Exocarpos sp.
    
    • Photos. Province du Sud, New Caledonia. Photos 21 Jan. 2010 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.

Lepidoceras

1. Lepidoceras chilense
   • Male plant in full flower. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Close-up of male flowers and young inflorescence buds still enclosed by bracts. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Haustorial attachment to host. Puyehue, Chile. Photo by Delbert Wiens.
   • Haustorial connection to host. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Habit of plant in fruit. Osorno, Chile. February 2003. Photo by Guillermo Amico.
   • Close-up of fruiting stem. Note the sclerotic "nail" at the apex of the leaves. Puyehue, Chile. Photo by Delbert Wiens.
   • Shoots with male inflorescences.  Valdivia Province, Los Rios Region. Photo Aug. 27, 2009 by Inao Vásquez. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Habit of plant and close-up of leaves. Parasitic on Laurelia sempervirens. Voucher: J. Solomon no. 4574 (given as L. kingii). Link goes to TROPICOS.

Myoschilos

1. Myoschilos oblongata
   • Habit of plant. Trail to Mt. Fitzroy, Argentina. .Photo1996 by Job Kuijt.
   • Habit of plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Close-up of leaves. Close-up of leaves. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Flowering shoot.  Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Romina Vidal-Russell.
   • Plant with young fruits forming on terminal portions of the spike. The yellow structures below the fruit are undeveloped flowers and bracts. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo taken in November, 2002 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Another view of the flowering/fruiting plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Fruiting plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo taken January 2003 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Fruits forming on short shoots arising from the stems. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing small leaves present on flowering branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing larger leaves present on older branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos.  Link goes to Flickr.

Nestronia

1. Nestronia umbellula
   • Habit of plant. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Plant with male flowers. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Staminate flowers, some in section. [DLN 2736]. Virginia, USA. Photo by K. Robertson.
   • Staminate flower, 3-merous. [DLN 2736]. Virginia, USA. Photo by K. Robertson.
   • Staminate flowers, some 4-merous. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Fruit. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Excellent photos by Will Cook on his Carolina Nature web site.
   • More excellent photos on the Southeastern Flora web site.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

Omphacomeria

1. Omphacomeria acerba
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO).
   • Flowering branches. Australia. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

Osyris

1. Osyris alba (including O. quadripartida; see Stauffer 1961)
   • Plant with staminate flowers. Bonifacio, Corsica, France. From Plant Image Gallery by Thomas Schoepke.
   • Habit of staminate plant in flower. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Close-up of staminate flowers. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Staminate plant. Cadiz, Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Carpellate plant with fruit. Cadiz, Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Fruit. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Habitat showing numerous plants in winter condition (February 2004). San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Fruiting plant in winter condition. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Closer view of fruiting plant. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Line drawing.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
   • Photos. Abruzzo, Italy. Photos 5 May 2003 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
   • Photos (as O. quadripartida). Flowering shoots. Near Amby Valley, Lonavala, Maharashtra. Photos by Dinesh Valke. Link goes to Flowers of India.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
2. Osyris lanceolata
   • Close-up of stem with male flowers. Witwatersrand Botanical Garden, South Africa. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Seedling. Arrow indicates the cotyledons inside the fruit. Plant is native to S. Africa, here cultivated in the SIUC greenhouse, Illinois. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Potted plant. These plants were grown in pots from seeds (above photo) without a host. They flowered for several seasons and then unexpectedly died. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos.  FloPungaluma Hills, NE of Mshewe Village, Mbeya, Mbeya Rural, Tanzania. Photos 23 Jan 2008 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
3. Osyris wightiana
   • Photos.  Plants from India. Link goes to Wikimedia Commons.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

Rhoiacarpos

1. Rhoiacarpos capensis
   • Fruiting shoots. Near Grahamstown, South Africa. [DLN 4117]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Flowering and fruiting shoots. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Closer view of flowering and fruiting shoots. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos. Maitland Nature Reserve, west of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Photos 5 Mar. 2005 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

Santalum

Santalum species of Hawaii. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.

1. Santalum acuminatum
   
   • Habit of plant.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
   • Close-up of fruiting branches.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
   • Fruiting branches. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Ripe fruit of the edible quandong intact and cut open. West Wyalong, New South Wales, Australia. Photos by Anthony Overs. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
2. Santalum album
   • Sandalwood objects. The aromatic wood of this species is used for many purposes, such as these bookmarks, pens, and key chains.
   • Photos. Habit, flowers and fruits. Photos by Mingiweng. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos. Habit of tree, flower shoot.  At JNCASR, Bangalore, India. Photos by Shaista Ahmad. Link goes to Flowers of India.
   • Photos.  Planted, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China. Photo by C. Jian Zhou. Link goes to PlantPhotoBank.cn.
   • Line drawing.  With S. papuanum.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
   • Photos.  Unfortunately, one must scroll down to see the watermarked photos. Link goes to www.planta.cn.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
3. Santalum austrocaledonicum var. minutum
   
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
4. Santalum ellipticum
   • Flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Photo.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos. Link goes to BioLib.cz.
5. Santalum freycinetianum var. freycinetianum
   • Habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Close-up of flowers (beautiful!). Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowering shoots.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.).
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
6. Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium
   • Flowers, fruits. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Photos.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
7. Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense
   
   • Photos.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
   • Photos. As. S. lanaiense.  Link goes to BioLib.cz.
8. Santalum haleakalae
   • Habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowering shoots.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.).
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos. Link goes to BioLib.cz.
   • Photos. W. Maui, Hawaii, USA.  Photos 24 Mar. 2008 by C. Davidson. Link goes to Flora of the World.
9. Santalum insulare
   
   • A series of photos of the 8 different varieties.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
   • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
10. Santalum lanceolatum
    • Flowering & fruiting shoots. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
11. Santalum macgregorii
    • Close-up of flowers. Cultivated at the National Botanical Gardens, Lae. Original seed collected by John Beko near Apanaipi, Gulf District, Papua New Guinea. [DLN 4499]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
12. Santalum murrayanum
    • Fruiting shoot. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
13. Santalum paniculatum
    • Shoot with young inflorescence. Foster Botanical Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Flowering shoots. North Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Inflorescence. North Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Fruits. Mary Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Captain Cook, Hawai'i. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Photo of variety pilgeri.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.
14. Santalum spicatum
    • Photos. Link goes to Australian Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
    • Photos. Link goes to Flickr.

References

See: Nickrent D. L. 2017. Status of the genera Colpoon, Osyris and Rhoiacarpos in South Africa. Bothalia: African Biodiversity & Conservation 47(1): 1-7. For a pdf of the article, clicke HERE.